The Roman Colosseum Of Rome - 1153 Words

When I ask you to imagine Italy and all the vast architecture, what do picture? I am going to assume you would picture colosseums. The piece of art I chose to research was the granddaddy of them all, the Roman Colosseum. This is potentially the most famous monument to survive the classical period. Today, the Colosseum is one of Rome’s most popular tourist attractions, attracting millions of visitors every year. This massive amphitheater is located in the center of Rome, Italy. During ancient roman times these massive amphitheaters were commonly placed around cities. â€Å"Eventually there were well over 250 amphitheaters in the Roman empire† (Hopkins). However, no other amphitheater competes in size. What sparked the want to build such a massive amphitheater? Why is this so important? Years prior to the construction of the Colosseum, Rome was dealing with a massive civil war which destroyed the city. At the time of construction, Rome’s emperor was Vespasianâ€⠄¢s and his â€Å"decision to build the Colosseum on the site of Nero’s lake can be seen as a gesture of returning a part of the city to the people which emperor Nero had appropriated for his own use† (Roman Colosseum History). However, Vespasian never saw the completion of his Colosseum due to his untimely death. His son, Titus would go on to open the Colosseum to the public in AD 80. The Colosseum remained in service for 450 years. The Colosseum is also known as The Flavian Amphitheatre (Roman). The Colosseum had seating forShow MoreRelatedAncient Rome, the Roman Colosseum2000 Words   |  8 PagesAncient Rome, The Roman Colosseum Historians have always used great structures from the ancient world to find out information about the kind of lives they used to live. The Colosseum in Ancient Rome, Italy was one of the most famous structures. The Colosseum in Rome gives historians a number of insights to the type of civilization that existed during the time of the ancient empire, through the gory battles and violent games that took place. This can be proven by the purpose of the Colosseum and theRead MoreThe Colosseum : Cultural And Cultural Values1305 Words   |  6 Pages‘The Colosseum’ describes the societal and cultural values of Rome. In addition to this, the essay also demonstrates the technical and spatial features of the buildings and illustrates the way through the building is able to develop a language of classical architecture in Rome. The thesis statement of the present essay can be stated as ‘The extent to which the architectural building of ‘The Colosseum’ in Rome depi cts the cultural and societal values and principles practiced in Ancient Roman Society’Read MoreSocial Structure in the Colosseum1229 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ The Ancient Roman Social Structure in the Colosseum Ancient Rome is one of the greatest and most influential societies in the history of the world. From the basic rules of how the Roman Empire is set up to the infrastructures in the city, the strict hierarchy of Roman social structure can be reflected clearly all over the whole ancient Rome. In fact that â€Å"public architecture presents people with the official view of a society and provides the background against which its individual markersRead MorePolitical and Cultural Significance of the Flavian Amphitheatre1748 Words   |  7 PagesAssess the political and cultural significance of the construction and initial use of the Colosseum. Throughout the history of Ancient Rome, the construction of public buildings was used as a political tool, to manipulate the views of the people and to demonstrate the power of the State. The very first emperor of Rome, Augustus, initiated social reform through the construction of buildings from 27 BC onwards. Emperor Vespasian in 69 AD used a similar initiative, and throughout Rome’s history it canRead MoreAncient Roman And The Roman Empire1236 Words   |  5 Pageswicked idea of entertainment. The Colosseum or Coliseum, also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, is an elliptical amphitheater in the center of the city of Rome, Italy. Built of concrete and stone, it is the largest amphitheater ever built and is considered one of the greatest works of architecture and engineering. The Roman Colosseum, constructed in 79 AD, is a visual representation of the importance of physical strength and military proficiency in Ancient Roman civilization, this is because itRead MoreAudience About The Roman Colosseum1280 Words   |  6 PagesRome, Italy Venus Selph Oct 8, 2015 Speech 1311 Specific Purpose: To inform the audience about the Roman Colosseum. Thesis: To truly understand the historical impact the Colosseum has had on civilization, it is important to learn of the architectural wonders of the Colosseum, the terror of the Roman Games, and the present plans for its restoration. I. Introduction A. Imagine yourself being prodded up a dark hallway and into a huge, outdoor theatre. Here you are greeted by 50,000 screamingRead MoreSports And Sports Of The Roman Empire1362 Words   |  6 PagesThere is no question the Colosseum was a hotspot for Roman entertainment. The Roman citizens considered the games to be thrilling and anticipated them highly. The book The Colosseum states, â€Å"Sports played an essential part in the Roman Empire. With their ability to assimilate, the Romans transformed the ritual nature of Greek sports into a spectator entertainment†. The Romans, by turning Greek sports into spectator sports, influenced these sports by including their ideal values and virtues. The athletesRead MoreA Brief Note On The Punic Wars And Rome1713 Words   |  7 PagesTraditions I October 14, 2015 Rome Midterm Essays Punic Wars The three Punic Wars were between ancient Carthage and Rome and took place over almost a century. The wars began in 264 B.C. and ended in 146 B.C. with the destruction of Carthage (History.com Staff). At the time the war broke out, Carthage was the world’s leading maritime power in the Mediterranean and Rome was the dominant power in the Italian Peninsula (History.com Staff). In the First Punic War, Rome defeated the Carthaginians atRead MoreVisit At The Beautiful Colosseum1425 Words   |  6 PagesGuest, and I were assigned to travel to Rome to visit the beautiful Colosseum where we needed to record out findings and reveal the history of the structure. We traveled over eight hours from New York to Piazza del Colosseo, Rome, Italy to learn about the history behind the Colosseum. Being a new archeologist, it is mandatory to travel all over the world to cites to get a better understanding of history. Before traveling to Rome, I knew very little of the Colosseum. I knew it was made of cement and destroyedRead MoreRoman Empire : The Greatest Social And Political Center Of Western Civilization1478 Words   |  6 PagesAt its height, the Roman Empire was the greatest social and political center in western civilization. The empire survived for about 500 years, from 31 BCE to 476 CE. The land under Roman rule surrounded the Mediterranean Sea; its territory reac hed from Europe to the western part of the Middle East to the northern part of Africa. As Kathryn Hinds said in The Ancient Romans, â€Å"Ancient Rome has always been famous for its great achievements in architecture and engineering.† Roman architecture eventually

Notes On The Slave Trade - 1542 Words

Atlantic Slave Trade What is the slave trade? Well, I believe that the slave trade is when white people of the Americas would take black people,and put them on ships, and then bring them over the Atlantic ocean to the Americas to become slaves. This must have affected a lot of people during the Atlantic Slave Trade. Well, it did. Most of the slaves received being branded on their shoulder, breast or buttock. and many experienced getting their names changed so that is was almost impossible for their family to trace them. I’m always wondering, why did the slave trade last so long, and what values were found during the slave trade. Well, I believe the slave trade lasted so long, because numerous people died of diseases, which caused a heavy demand for more slaves every year. With the historical book, Roots, a primary sources, â€Å"Olaudah Equiano, and a secondary source â€Å"The Cruelest Commerce† I will give evidence to back up my answers to the three questions, what i s the slave trade? How where humans affected by the slave trade, and why did the slave trade last so long and what values were found in the slave trade? The slave trade was when captured slaves, or people taken captive in wars, would be put on ships to be taken over the Atlantic Ocean to the â€Å"New World† or as we know today as the Americas. Also, Brazil, which is a colony of Portugal, received the largest amount of African slaves, so that is why their culture has various traits of African culture today. According toShow MoreRelatedThe Various Structures Of Empires And Global History1650 Words   |  7 Pageswill use the various social, political, and economic structures of empires to discuss how the slave trade, industrial revolution, and the scramble for Africa were a have a causal relationship with empires and imperial rule. Empires use political and economic power to expand into other territories and overtake the people by fostering inequalities among the people in the societies they dominate (Class Notes, Jan 17) According to Laxer the key point of differentiation between an empire and all otherRead MorePrimary Source Evaluation Essay1018 Words   |  5 PagesTitle of Primary Source: ACCOUNT OF THE SLAVE TRADE ON THE COAST OF AFRICA by ALEXANDER FALCONBRIDGE The book was published in 1788 -- substantially after the events described took place. The time gap did not seriously affect the main content of the material because the events he describes were very serious and unforgettable ones. He wrote the material at the time he had already been a member of the Anti- Slavery Society leaving room for a little suspicion of his tendency to exaggerate some descriptionsRead MoreThe Beginning of the Slave Trade Essay example560 Words   |  3 PagesUnder what circumstances did the slave trade begin? After the Bantu people migrated to numerous sections in Africa, this particular movement set the spread of agriculture in motion. From the 15th to the 19th century, the Europeans looked to Africa as a work force (slaves) to nurture their farms in the western hemisphere. As mentioned in our text, Traditions and encounters, â€Å"In exchange for slaves, African peoples received European manufactured products†¦.† (p. 424). Furthermore, the Africans hadRead MoreThe Transatlantic Slave Trade Made Africa A Major Market For European Goods843 Words   |  4 Pageslives, all with a purpose of securing a profit (Foner, GML, 131). Slave plantations greatly contributed to massive economic development. The first mass consumer goods in international trade were produced by slaves, such as sugar, tobacco, rice and coffee (Foner, GML,132). The high and constant demand for these products quickly fueled the rapid growth of the Atlantic Slave Trade (Foner, GML, 132). The transatlantic slave trade made Africa a major market for European goods. Cheap imported textilesRead MoreRacism - A History : The Color Of Money1063 Words   |  5 Pagesand practices regarding race and the transatlantic slave trade of Africans. It underscores how economics served as the driving force behind slavery. The documentary highlights that although slavery existed for several centuries prior to the slave trade, the concept of racism is rooted in the enslavement and exploitation of Africans for labor and capital gain. The documentary describes how the British’s development of the transatlantic slave trade for colonial America served as the catalyst for racismRead MoreSlavery in the United States Essays1030 Words   |  5 Pagesword slavery and slaves did not appear in the Constitution. An acknowledgement to the sensibilities of the delegates, who according to Foner, feared they would â€Å"contaminate the glorious fabric of American history.† It becomes clear that even though th e delegates may have been aware of their impact on history, slavery was constantly on mind. Certain laws were developed in light of the Constitution and made for equal representation between lesser-populated states with more slaves and the more white-populatedRead MoreWic s Bankruptcy And The Loss Of Northern Brazil896 Words   |  4 Pageswith 100,000 slaves and minimal opportunities. But the Dutch are known for their ingenuity and they quickly rebounded from their losses even while her corporate was itself a sinking ship. Part of their initial success revolves around them settling in Curacao before 1642. The WIC realized how invaluable a slave trade depot would be if Northern Brazil would ever fall back into the hands of the Portuguese. Once Curacao was established, the Dutch knew they could continue transporting slaves to the CaribbeanRead MoreMEMORIES OF THE SLAVE TRADE1000 Words   |  4 PagesMEMORIES OF THE SLAVE TRADE (Rosalind Shaw) â€Å"Memories of Slave Trade† challenges recurring claims that Africans felt and still feel no sense of moral obligation concerning the sale of slaves, Shaw traces memories of the slave trade in Temne-speaking communities in Sierra Leone. While the slave-trading past is infrequently recollected in explicit verbal accounts, it is frequently made vividly present in such structures as rogue spirits, ritual specialists visions, and the symbolism of divinationRead MoreThe Black Slave Trade By Marcus Rediker951 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Black slave-trade. Was it worth it? Was it profitable? Was it dehumanizing? Or was it nothing more than a simple means in which to control a people group in its entirety; a way for white people to become lazy; or just a brutality woven through humankind like no other. Marcus Rediker’s The Slave Ship-A Human History Provides grueling personal narratives of â€Å"black slaves† that experienced the cross-Atlantic trade; detailed e xplanations and descriptions of the functions, focusing specificallyRead MoreNative American Cultures And Societies1367 Words   |  6 Pagesbrought about beyond our control. Numerous historical agencies were prevalent within the societies of the indigenous people of the Americas. History was rewritten, therefore somethings have been erased, while others have been mythologized (Class notes, 10/5/2017). In Facing East from Indian Country, Daniel Richter states â€Å"It is much easier to reconstruct the abstract forces that constrained the seventeenth-century Native world than it is to recover the personal experiences of the people†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Richter

United States Dollar and Arbitrage Opportunity Free Essays

5 Questions 2. What is the difference between the retail or client market and the wholesale or interbank market for foreign exchange? 3. Who are the market participants in the foreign exchange market? 5. We will write a custom essay sample on United States Dollar and Arbitrage Opportunity or any similar topic only for you Order Now What is meant by a currency trading at a discount or at a premium in the forward market? 6. Why does most interbank currency trading worldwide involve the U. S. dollar? 7. Banks find it necessary to accommodate their clients’ needs to buy or sell FX forward, in many instances for hedging purposes. How can the bank eliminate the currency exposure it has created for itself by accommodating a client’s forward transaction? 8. A CD/$ bank trader is currently quoting a small figure bid-ask of 35-40, when the rest of the market is trading at CD1. 3436-CD1. 3441. What is implied about the trader’s beliefs by his prices? 9. What is triangular arbitrage? What is a condition that will give rise to a triangular arbitrage opportunity? Problems 1. Using the American term quotes from Exhibit 5. , calculate a cross-rate matrix for the euro, Swiss franc, Japanese yen, and the British pound so that the resulting triangular matrix is similar to the portion above the diagonal in Exhibit 5. 6. 4. Restate the following one-, three-, and six-month outright forward European term bid-ask quotes in forward points. Spot1. 3431-1. 3436 One-Month1. 3432-1. 3442 Three-Month1. 3448-1. 3463 Six-Month1. 3488-1. 3508 8. A bank is quoting the following exchange rates against the dollar for the Swi ss franc and the Australian dollar: SFr/$ = 1. 5960-70 A$/$ = 1. 7225-35 An Australian firm asks the bank for an A$/SFr quote. What cross-rate would the bank quote? 9. Given the following information, what are the NZD/SGD currency against currency bid-ask quotations? American TermsEuropean Terms Bank QuotationsBidAskBidAsk New Zealand dollar . 7265 . 72721. 37511. 3765 Singapore dollar . 6135 . 61401. 62871. 6300 10. Doug Bernard specializes in cross-rate arbitrage. He notices the following quotes: Swiss franc/dollar = SFr1. 5971? $ Australian dollar/U. S. dollar = A$1. 8215/$ Australian dollar/Swiss franc = A$1. 1440/SFr Ignoring transaction costs, does Doug Bernard have an arbitrage opportunity based on these quotes? If there is an arbitrage opportunity, what steps would he take to make an arbitrage profit, and how would he profit if he has $1,000,000 available for this purpose. 11. Assume you are a trader with Deutsche Bank. From the quote screen on your computer terminal, you notice that Dresdner Bank is quoting â‚ ¬0. 7627/$1. 00 and Credit Suisse is offering SF1. 1806/$1. 00. You learn that UBS is making a direct market between the Swiss franc and the euro, with a current â‚ ¬/SF quote of . 6395. Show how you can make a triangular arbitrage profit by trading at these prices. (Ignore bid-ask spreads for this problem. ) Assume you have $5,000,000 with which to conduct the arbitrage. What happens if you initially sell dollars for Swiss francs? What â‚ ¬/SF price will eliminate triangular arbitrage? Operations Management Assignment 1 Due Date:1 April 2013 Q1. David Upton is president of Upton Manufacturing, a producer of Go-Kart tires. Upton makes 1000 tires per day with the following resources: Labor: 400 hours per day @ 12. 5 per hour Raw material: 20000 pounds per day @ $1 per pound Energy: $5000 per day Capital cost: $10000 per day (a) What is the labor productivity per labor-hour for these tires at Upton Manufacturing? (b) What is the multifactor productivity for these tires at Upton Manufacturing? (c) What is the multifactor productivity if Upton can reduce the energy bill by $1000 per day without cutting production or changing any other inputs? Q2. The monthly sales for Telco Batteries, Inc. were as follows: Month Sales Jan 20 Feb 21 Mar 15 Apr 14 May 13 June 16 July 17 Aug 18 Sep 20 Oct 20 Nov 21 Dec 23 Forecast January Sales using each of the following: ) A 3 – month moving average b) A 6 – month weighted average using 0. 1, 0. 1, 0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 2 and 0. 3 with the heaviest weights applied to the most recent months. c) Exponential smoothing using an ? = 0. 3 and a September forecast of 18 d) A trend projection With the data given, which method would allow you to forecast next March sales? Q3. Income at the law firm Smith and Wesson for he per iod February to July was as follows: Month Feb Mar Apr May June July Income 70. 0 68. 5 64. 8 71. 7 71. 3 72. 8 (a) Use trend-adjusted exponential smoothing to forecast the law firm’s Aug income. Assume that the initial forecast for February is $65000, and the initial trend adjustment is 0. The smoothing constant selected are ? =0. 1, and ? = 0. 2. (b) Resolve the problem with ? =0. 1, and ? = 0. 8. (c) Compute the MAD and MAPE. Which forecasting, part (a) and part (b) performs better? Why? Q4. Attendance at Los Angeles’s newest Disneylike attraction, Vacation World, has been as follows: Quarter/year 2007 2008 2009 Winter 73 65 89 Spring 104 82 146 Summer 168 124 205 Fall 74 52 98 Compute seasonal indices using all of the data. How to cite United States Dollar and Arbitrage Opportunity, Essay examples

Management Principles Digital Technological Evolution

Question: Discuss about the Management Principles for Digital Technological Evolution. Answer: Introduction The 21st century has been a stage of digital technological evolution and which has seen a lot of innovations and inventions in the sector. According to Cowan (2012), technology refers to the dominant world domain in commerce; most of the companies depend on ICT to reduce costs, gain competitive advantage and also improve overall performance. Many companies have been developed each progressing at its stage depending on the strategies of management and operations. Most of the technological companies attribute their success to the constant use of teamwork to achieve their goals. According to Schwalbe, (2007), the unpredictability of technology and complexity of the field has led to the need of building strong communication networks between units so as to allow for the frequency of information. No software or technology is simple enough in these companies to get operated upon by one person no matter how educated or talented they are (Lencioni, 2013). There is a need for collaboration of the various technicians and departments so as to achieve maximum coordination and performance. Team performance is based on the overall culture of the organization and in most times, managers lack the necessary team leader skills to make teams work. Skills like strategic planning, communication, and decision-making enable managers to inspire team members and prompt their effectiveness (Beck, 2004). Technology companies apply the use of cross-product function development teams to innovate new products; members may range from the RD, sales and marketing, engineering among other functional units (Cowan, 2012). The managers put in charge of these departments fail to realize the importance of change management and that different teams warrant different approaches to management and distinct cultures since members are different and experiences also differ. Due to the failure to understand their role in developing the team and defining roles, the implicat ions include information asymmetries and lack of objectivity which in the long run leads to failure of the team (Boller, 2005). This case study report aims at analyzing teamwork at Google and the role played by management to enhance the cooperation. Background Google is one of the giants of the technology arena and is highly rated by its users all over the world (Cowan, 2012). It is a publicly traded multi- national company based in the US. It is hard to believe that the company started operations in a garage (Witzel Warner, 2013). Google specializes in internet based transactions that involve search engines, software development, networking, communication, clouding, and advertising among others. Organization owns over one million servers all over the world which process over one billion searches in one day. Their mission is to enable the flow of information all over the world and make it useful and acceptable. Google has in the recent past been interested in teamwork and how it can be improved (Lencioni, 2013). The company was an ideal choice of strategies since it acknowledges the value of team works since the formation of the business itself was based on a team of two Stanford University students, known as Larry Sage and Sergey Brin. In the year 2012, the company established a project known as Aristotle to study the aspect of teamwork that was aimed at providing information about the norms that drive the success of a team. The company managers believed that by understanding the basics and behaviours in social and political aspects of teamwork, they would be able to develop the perfect team that would work together to develop the company products (Tyler, 2015).The survey was an analysis of over a hundred teams all found in the enterprise, in a period of one year. Most of the useful groups were seen to have very stable social relations even when not in the teams while others showed too much formality. Identification of issues and problems From the case study, there are weaknesses in the team effectiveness model of Matts team that are inhibiting the overall performance. Problems arise in the context of the group whereby there is poor leadership, poor evaluation of worker members and hot climate with no established trust. According to Schwalbe (2007), the team is set as a group of people who come together to achieve a common goal. For this to be possible there needs to be a clear set of relevant and attainable goals whereby each member of the team understands why he or she is a member of the team. Lack of objectivity leads to confusion and a deficiency in focus, that may, in turn, result in a lack of seriousness (Beck, 2004). The team; therefore, does not understand their role; hence, produce poor results. The second problem identified is the work design which includes the composition of the group in terms of skills recruited; the task identity and task significance .The survey showed that the members cannot comprehend their identity and significance. This may cause lack of proper motivation for team members that may hinder their effectiveness. It is mistaken most of the time that workers only work to gain monetary compensation which is not the case (Lencioni, 2013). The members of the team may be de-motivated and thus lack effectiveness. Another problem is that the manager does not create time for the team and also has a history of being too friendly so as to gain favor among team members. This scenario is evidenced by the engineer in the previous engineer who could talk and not give others time to speak; the manager did not do anything about that, and so this may also be an issue in this team. There is a lack of proper communication on both sides since the team does not communicate their problems and Matt does not check with them to see if they are okay, he just leaves them to do their work. The three problems are caused by the poor management of the team (Malhotra,2000).The manager may be a bit experienced in the field but does not adapt to change. All teams are different in composition, role, and behaviours, so a manager needs to adjust to the various dynamics of team building. The fact that the team members in Matt's team do not understand their roles shows that the team leader is not actively involved in the group and did not define the goals. Henry Fayol formulated a theory that is meant to guide the management of groups and teams (Malhotra, 2000). The theory talks about effective planning, organization and a good communication system which is lacking in the team setting. Belbin's theory of team building suggests that the behavior of team members is shaped by how well they understand their roles in the team (Kaptan, 2002). According to Malhotra (2000), the theory of action-centered leadership by John Adair states that for a team leader to be effective then he needs to define the goals and objectives of the team and be an active participant of the work, making frequent consultations on progress and offering counsel. It also proves that there are information asymmetries since Matt thought that the team was efficient, yet it had weaknesses. The manager's dis-involvement has led to little motivation about training and complimenting the workers constantly to tell them they are doing a good job. According to Tyler (2015), the theory of motivation by Abraham Marlow states various categories that an employee needs to satisfy; they range from basic needs that can be satisfied by pay but also involve other factors like self-esteem and need for recognition which the manager apparently does not provide. According to Malhotra (2000), McClelland's Human Motivation Theory states that a leader needs to appreciate the efforts of the team constantly so as to motivate them to do even better. The progress theory by Amabile and Kramer states that for a team to be active then the manager needs to be a figurehead, define goals, motivate the workers but most importantly allow them some time on their own to work independently but ensure to check on the progress of projects. Matt should apply this principle to his team (Kaptan, 2002). Possible solutions One of the solutions that need to get implemented is ensuring that roles and responsibilities are clearly defined so as to enhance team focus and objectivity according to the theory of team building by Belbin and the. According to Kaptan (2002), Amabile and Kramer's theory of progress states that the manager also needs to motivate the workers more and be more actively involved in the teamwork ensuring not to affect their independence. McClelland's Human Motivation Theory provides the third solution and states that the manager should understand his role as a figurehead, decision maker and also ensure to appreciate the efforts of the team as a whole and not individuals (Kaptan, 2002). Proposed solution The most important answer is the motivation of team members by the team manger. Most of the problems are just farfetched points that converge at motivation. Even the proper defining of goals acts as a motivator and the active participation of the team leader not to mention the management skills which are meant to organize the team. According to Adetule, (2011), most theories of team building emphasize on the motivation of team members since it is believed to be an essential ingredient to success. Motivation may include training, bonuses, and appreciation (Adetule, 2011). The theory of motivation by Maslow, talks of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivators. The theory X and Y by Douglas McGregor suggests that the output of any team or individual is determined by the conditions of employment and not just the monetary compensation (Lencioni, 2013). Matt, therefore, needs to lay a lot of emphasis on motivating the team and also consult the top managers since Google has a lot of resources to conduct training and give bonuses. This solution will benefit not only Matt's team but also the other teams who will learn from example (Lencioni, 2013). Recommendations One of the areas that need urgent attention is the manager playing his role as a leader and being more involved. This way there will be motivation strategies like training of workers on their functions and also other motivational tools that can be applied within the next two years. The top managers should oversee this process, but the team, and Matt, the team leader also have an important role to play. The improvement of the teamwork will benefit the organization as an example will be provided to how teams and team managers should conduct themselves thus improving the performance of the many teams in the organization which will improve overall performance. References Adetule, J. 2011. Handbook on management principles. Bloomington, Author House. Beck, R. C. 2004. Motivation: theories and principles. Upper Saddle River, N.J., Pearson Education. Boller, S. 2005. Teamwork training. Alexandria, Va, ASTD Press. Cowan, A. 2012. Starting a tech business a practical guide for anyone creating or designing a marketing program or software. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley. Kaptan, S. 2002. Team building. New Delhi, Sarup Sons. Lencioni, P. M. 2013. The five dysfunctions of a team a leadership fable. San Francisco, Calif, Jossey-Bass. Malhotra, Y. 2000. Knowledge management and business model innovation. Hershey, Pa. [u.a.], Idea Group Publishing. Schwalbe, K. 2007. Information technology project management. Boston, Mass, Course Technology, Cengage Learning. Sheldrake, J. 2003. Management theory. Australia, Thomson Tyler, J. 2015. Building great software engineering teams: recruiting, hiring, and managing your team from start-up to success. West, M. A. 2012. Effective collaboration: practical lessons from organizational research. Chichester, West Sussex, John Wiley Sons. Witzel, M., Warner, M. 2013. The Oxford handbook of management theorists.